Starch and polyvinyl alcohol encapsulated biodegradable nanocomposites for environment friendly slow release of urea fertilizer

Low nitrogen (N) use efficiency from urea fertilizers due to environmental losses results in high cost of for agricultural productions. Coating with biodegradable polymers makes them effective control and efficient N release. In this study, starch polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used combination acrylic acid (AA), citric (CA) maleic (MA) the coating prills. Different formulations prepared applied on prills such as coated (10%) PVA (5%) acid: 2, 4 6% (USP-A2, USP-A4, USP-A6), (USP-C2, USP-C4, USP-C6), (USP-M2, USP-M4, USP-M6). After fluidized bed coater, all uncoated samples characterized by scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), crushing strength UV-Vis spectroscopy. The morphological XRD analysis indicated that a new uniform no phase transformation occurred. Among samples, USP-A2 USP-C2 showed highest strengths: 12.08 13.67 release 70.10 50.74% respectively. All improved spinach plants’ foliage yield, chlorophyll content, N-uptake apparent recovery (ANR) than plants. However, provided promising among dry yield (2208 ± 92 2428 83 kg/ha), (34 0.6 34 0.4 mg/g), (88 95 6 kg/ha) ANR (59 67 6%). Therefore, can be better choice farmers enhance agronomical productions controlling fertilizer nutrient rate.